Civilization during the Black Death - Free Essay Example

In 1347 AD Europe the second pandemic of bubonic plague appeared. The second pandemic was known as The Black Death because of the impact it left throughout Europe. The Black Death spread throughout Europe killing an estimated twenty-five million people, among the twenty-five million who caught the bubonic plague a generous amount was affected in France. When Europeans were exposed to the bacteria Yersinia pestis more likely than not they became infected. The bacteria are transmitted through three main ways. The disease originated in China in 1334 and was spread along the great trade routes to Constantinople transmitted by fleas and rats. Europe before the black death lacked severely in sanitation leading to a serious bacterial infection. During this time in Europe, the black plague had an enormous effect on the development of modern civilization. The black plague caused major destruction in countries such as Asia, Africa, and Europe. These countries were not educated about this disease outbreak and how to treat it leading to a massive panic and the demise of many. An estimated 60% of the European population was killed off and most likely died from the black plague, Entire towns were wiped out. Some contemporary historians report that on occasion, there were not enough survivors remaining to bury the dead (Benedictow 2). This outbreak did cause for positive influences in the European culture leading to more jobs being available, rates in of development, and economic factors. A major positive factor is from the outbreak humans evolved gene variation helping to build a stronger immune system to help fight off bacterias, descendants of Europeans who survived the plague had their genes altered to make them more resistant to disease. It may explain why Europeans respond differently from other people to certain illnesses and autoimmune disorders ( Jimenez 1). If there was to be another outburst of the bubonic plague Europeans would have a stronger immune system to fight off the bacteria. Another positive effect from the bubonic plague would be the renovation of hospitals across Europe. Before the bubonic plague hospitals were a place to put sick people in isolation in hopes that others would not get infected. Hospitals during medieval times did not have doctors or nurses but rather nuns and monks to pray on the sick. At this time hospitals were pretty much extra housing space for those that needed somewhere to go temporarily. During the black death, hospitals began their transformation into an actual hospital by caring for those with the disease. The failure of traditional medicine made Europeans realize their traditional medical practice needed to change, Medicine ceased to be theoretical and text-bound and became more observational and practical. Anatomy and surgery became parts of the medical program in universities (Jimenez 3). With the expansion of the medical practice more, cures were being discovered for illnesses across Europe. During this time the people beg an to question their faith in the Catholic church due to the fact that the monks were dying along with the common people. People began to question why the monks were dying off to then decide to think for themselves. As people began to turn away from God many then turned to reason and education to try to make sense of what was happening, No longer was the ideal a life of penance but rather a life dedicated to recovering the lost human spirit and wisdom. Reason and logic became more important than faith. Individuals were encouraged to realize their potential through a liberal arts education. The possibilities of human creativity seemed endless and exciting ( Jimenez 4). Becoming more educated on the topic helped people to understand that God did not control who was dying off from the Black Plague. With all the death happening people began to doubt the existence of God, thus leading to the Enlightenment. After the bubonic plague, many decided to turn away from the church and religious factors turning to expansion education. The majority of the clergy abandoned the religious duties, for most of them lost their religious beliefs during this team of grief. The loss of family members, friends, and loved ones left the survivors at a complete loss. The church struggled because people were confused how something this horrible could happen if God was looking after them. For those that still believe tend to go against the church for they believe God had abandoned them. Many leaders of the church decided to abandon their positions in order to avoid a possible outbreak against the church and other problems at the time. As many head authorities began to leave the church went into a panic trying to find replacements quickly in order to replace the ones leaving. The monasteries and the clergy suffered the greatest loss (Ziegler 215). The church knew the common people felt as if the church had let them down. The church continued to lose follower lowering the hope of the people, the church lost most of its respect at this time. The plague was the prime factor in peoples turning to new influences in a search for meaning and positive values (Dahmus 351). On the other hand, the bubonic plague had a lot of negative factors, most recognized being the tremendous death count. The black death tore families apart by causing a division on what to do when a member got sick. Children abandoned the father, husband abandoned the wife, wife the husband, one brother the other, one sister the other. Some fled to villas, others to villages in order to get a change in the air. Where there had been no [plague], where they carried it; if it was already there, they caused it to increase (Zahler 45). Many often left the ones they loved behind to look out for their own health. When leaving a lot of the time the member who left might have thought they were getting away but had already been infected. So when traveling to a new town they carried the disease with them and ended up spreading it to a town that could have been clean from it. When a member of the family got sick others would stay and try to help them get better not knowing by them staying around would kill himself. The bubonic plague spread so quickly especially because of the lack of a sanitation system during this time. There were no toilets or bathrooms such as showers and sinks so everyone cleaned in the common area and things such a feces were thrown in the road or out the back of the house. This caused germs to spread very quickly and because of the tight living space if someone in the house got sick the entire house was most likely dead in months. People began to abandon their jobs to take care of there sick family members leaving jobs untended. When farmers started getting sick crops were intended to and died off. This led to a lack of food for families, and then made them worry about starvation. The maintenance of the land rapidly declined to leave the economy in a severe condition. In addition to the land, the mortality rates of the animals and the people became more severe. Villages were laid closely together, so people relied on the same animals for resources ( Ziegler 167). This was an overall nightmare and is why millions died. The Black Death overall had positive and negative influences on the population and growth of knowledge of Europeans at the time. By 1350 many realized that the plague was coming to an end and knew things were about to change. Since millions died a lot of educated people died trying to help others this ended up causing for the survivors they would have to go get educated. At this point, Europe had to rebuild itself completely and changed many things along the way such as hospitals, beliefs, and education. The black death help expand the education throughout Europe to those that survived. Sanitary systems were upgraded and personal hygiene was placed into effect. This helped to prevent germs to be spread less quickly. The renovations of hospitals also helped those who ended becoming sick be isolated but now also treated. The expansion of medicine expanded to find new cures for diseases instead of just praying in a situation. The Black Death in a way helped Europe gain a stronger economy and overall better country with the renovations. If the Black Death did not hit Europe there might have never been a disease strong enough to knock a country down so much to turn away from the church and find a new solution to their problems.

The Effects of Nature and Nurture in Middle Childhood

â€Å"The Effects of Nature and Nurture in Middle Childhood† Middle Childhood is the name given for the age division from 6 to 11 years of a child’s life. They are also known as the â€Å"school years.† During this time a child’s health, education, and emotional well being are all undergoing changes. Though not as drastic as the changes they will soon face in adolescence, they are steady, and the impact that nature and nurture will have on these aspects reach far and wide across the many developments they face in their lives. Heath is of the utmost importance in raising a child, and is the biggest factor of a child’s physical development in middle childhood. When a child is receiving the proper nutrition he or she needs, they grow at the†¦show more content†¦With healthy children physical activity and exercise is key, and there are many forms of it, such as sports, physical education, and rough-and-tumble play. A dominance hierarchy is esta blished through rough-and-tumble play. Through this activity, it becomes clear who is the stronger child, which is a way in which nature helps define who is the leader in a group friends, and who would win, should a conflict arise. Rough-and-tumble play is common in school recesses, where children are developing cognitively. If a child has been to preschool before, chances are, they’ll be ahead of the curve a bit when learning to solve problems, and learning how to read and write. This is another major way in which nurture has its effects on a child’s outcome in development. If a child has received enough attention, and has been read to, then they are perfectly ready to solve problems rationally, in an organized way. While at this point it is mostly up to the child to engage in memory strategies like rehearsal, and organization, it is also up to the parents to impose the proper discipline to make sure that their child uses a part of their time after school to use these strategies to help them study for a test. If a child is raised in a low SES environment, where they may be left home alone, for a length of time after they’ve arrived home from school, the child may be watching TV or doing something else while unsupervised. Learning can be influenced positivelyShow MoreRelatedSerial Killers1314 Words   |  6 Pagestoday is the debate over nature versus nurture. With that debate going on there are many topics that are being researched under it, like serial killers, and what drives them to do what they do. Many scientists are still researching whether or not if serial killers are driven by the way they were raised or if it is a part of their genes. This literature review will analyze what people think about the nature versus nurture debate. It will talk about the nature side and the nurture side of the debate.Read MoreAssessment 2, M1, D1 Nature Nurture1400 Words   |  6 PagesNature Nurture. The nature versus nurture debate is about the relative importance of an individuals innate qualities. What is Nature? In the nature vs nurture debate, nature refers to an individuals innate qualities (nativism). Nature is your genes. The physical and personality traits determined by your genes stay the same irrespective of where you were born and raised. Nature factors that trigger an individual to commit crime are influences by biological and family factors.Read MoreIs Human Sexuality The Result Of Nature Or Nurture?1153 Words   |  5 PagesBehaviour: †¨18435577†¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¨ To what extent is human sexuality the result of nature or nurture?†¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¨ The nature and nurture of the human sexuality has been a debate argued among researchers and scientists. With regards to human sexuality, both nature and nurture become an integral factor in making the sexual beings that we eventually get to be. From our hereditary inclinations to how our associates influence our advancement, our childhoods have a tendency to be one long trek into adulthood that is neitherRead MoreDevelop1294 Words   |  6 PagesName: Tutor: Task: Date: Developmental psychology Infancy and Childhood Physical development During early childhood stage, infants begin to drop their roundish baby like display. Their bones grow more proportionate with the lengthening of their legs and arms. They start to obtain fine motor skills. The newfound skills enable them to grip a pencil in a more functional way. This is a good time to provide them with puzzles and blocks, as well as to supervise them while they use paper and scissorsRead MoreDeveloping A Healthy Attachment For Children1087 Words   |  5 Pagesrestricted of any interaction. He did not learn how to speak until he was illegally trafficked into the United States at the age of seven, and that was very limited. The purpose of this case study is to determine the factors during infancy and early childhood that prevented him in developing a healthy attachment. According to Joan Greg Cook (2007), attachment can be defined by, â€Å"An emotional tie to a specific other person or people that endures across time and space† (p. 180). In Steven’s case, bothRead MoreEssay about Lifespan Development and Eriksons Stages of Development1644 Words   |  7 Pagesdevelopment. The domains I will be exploring is in this essay is physical, emotional, cognitive, social, cultural and moral domain. The influence of biological and environmental play a significant role in my development. Development is influenced by nature or nurture and its affect will occur throughout lifespan. The changes that occur during development have stage. Each theorists has stages of development where they display the changes. This essay will explore my development that will support theorist suchRead MoreThe Impact Of Sensory Processing Disorder On Development And Development1500 Words   |  6 Pagesdivided into eight different developmental periods. This essay wi ll focus on the early childhood period that ranges from two to five or six years of age. Firstly, this essay will describe the typical developmental milestones during early childhood and how they play an important role in each developmental stage that follows. Secondly, it will analyse how the home and educational environments influence early childhood. Finally, it will define Auditory Processing Disorder and the characteristics of aRead MoreEssay The Making of a Serial Killer, An Annotated Bibliography1410 Words   |  6 Pagesarticle explained the causal factors of serial killers, specifically early childhood development. He utilized psychological theories which helped me understand the causation of serial killers through early childhood development. He provided reliable studies to support his ideas of early childhood development causing serial killers. I was able to use the psychological theories he provided to prove the importance of early childhood development in the formati on of serial killers. Mann, Denise. PortraitRead MorePosition Paper: Aggression847 Words   |  4 Pagesnext to vehicular accidents (Loeber). But why are humans so aggressive in the first place? There are two sides of the debate: Nature, and Nurture. Some say that it’s human nature, genetics that cause most behaviors, while others say that we act as we learned during childhood. This argument applies to aggression as well. Aggression is mainly caused by things during childhood and adolescence where people learn from various sources about aggression, although, human psychology plays a slight factor. Read MoreBiosocial Development And Biosocial Development1276 Words   |  6 Pagesdiscontinuous development that is occurring at various stages of their young and middle child life span. In each section of my paper I plan to include specific subsections on the biosocial, cognitive, and psychosocial development of my chosen subject. This chosen subject will be my eleven year old sister, Faith Elizabeth L attimore. Faith is currently developing in her early years of middle childhood. Piaget describes middle childhood as the time for concrete operational thought, characterized by new logical

Biases And Health Care Disparities - 1222 Words

Biases and Health Care Disparities between the Black and White Communities Amy Raddatz Denver School of Nursing Biases and Health Care Disparities Between the Black and White Communities A notable discrepancy exists between health care received by the black population in comparison to the white population. However, the foundation of health care inconsistencies has yet to be firmly established. Instead, conflicting views prioritize causes of health care disparities as due to social determinants or due to individual responsibility for health (Woolf Braveman, 2011). Emerging literature also indicates that health care providers propagate disparities by employing implicit biases (Chapman, Kaatz, Carnes, 2013; Dovidio, Fiske, 2012). This paper aims to discuss black health care disparities as a function of socially constructed beliefs that both consciously and unconsciously influence health care professionals practice. When attempting to understand health care disparity, one must first also understand race. As race applies to health care inequity, Williams and Sternthal (2 010) suggested that race is not purely biological but also a social classification system created by the hegemonic class. As such, favorable traits are those attributable to whites, thus creating an atmosphere predisposed to prejudices. In a health care setting where providers rely on swift judgment and scientific data to arrive at decisions, culturally ingrained norms are bound to influence attitudesShow MoreRelatedAfrican Americans And The Abolition Of Slavery1177 Words   |  5 PagesAfrican Americans in many ways. An example of such is increased stress which leads to negative health outcomes in African Americans such as low birth weights, and low life expectancies. Since they have worse health outcomes compared to their racial counterparts, one would expect them to be seen by physicians more. 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In doing so, one will grasp a decisive understanding of who gets what and why.† The objective of this paper is to explore and examine the pervasiveness of racism in the health care industry, while at the same time shed light on a specific area of social relations that has remained a silence in the health care setting. The turpitude feeling of ongoing silence has masked the treatment black patient s have received from white health care providers within theRead MoreDiscrimination in Health Care1218 Words   |  5 Pagesworld community to see human disparity as it is evident only footsteps away. To say the least, my experience at Streetworks has been absolutely incredible. It has been a great eye opening experience that I believe would be unforgettable to any individual fortunate enough to have such an opportunity. Significant Issue From the very first day at Streetworks, a prominent issue that has emerged within many client interactions is the discrimination present in health care institutions. Many clients haveRead MoreSocial, Economic And Political Processes1597 Words   |  7 PagesIn New Zealand, there is a forever existing gap of inequalities seen in the health care system between Maori and non-Maori today. There are particular factors that influence this gap such as historical, social, economic and political processes, which are the main contributors to inequalities and disparities in the Maori health status today. This essay will discuss how these factors may influence the care I provide in my practice as a midwife, backed up with research and links to the Treaty of WaitangiRead MoreDiscrimination And The Differential Quality Of Medical Care African Americans Essay2134 Words   |  9 Pagesof medical care African-Americans receive are seen in all levels of professional healthcare workers. Dr. Tweedy, a prominent psychiatrist and author of New York Times Bestseller A Black Man in a White Coat, has made claims about the difficulties and differences in healthcare treatment quality African-Americans receive (Weintraub, 2016). Studies from many medical professionals show that African-Americans face lesser quality and differential treatment due to social stigma and racial biases, whether theseRead More Racism and Health Care Disparity Essay1324 Words   |  6 PagesIs Racism the cause of Health care disparity? In recent discussions of health care disparities, a controversial issue has been whether racism is the cause of health care disparities or not. On one hand, some argue that racism is a serious problem in the health care system. From this perspective, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) states that there is a big gap between the health care quality received by minorities, and the quality of health care received by non-minorities, and the reason is due to

The Reflection Of Francis Bellamys Pledge Of Allegiance

In the early year of 1893, Francis Bellamy beautifully crafted a pledge that will be twisted over years of alteration, creating a constrained symbol of national bond submersed in religious controversy. The original text of Francis Bellamy’s Pledge of Allegiance was recited with a salute as, â€Å"I pledge allegiance to my flag and the Republic for which it stands-one nation, indivisible-with liberty and justice for all.† Reading this text, one may notice a lack of a well known excerpt; â€Å"under God.† People refer to this line as being a part of American culture, something so immersed into the history of the country it can not be altered; though, after finding that the original Pledge did not include this phrase Americans question the true†¦show more content†¦By 1954, Eisenhower had made the decision to add â€Å"under God† into the pledge as well as make it an encouraged act to recite of the pledge in public schools (1). Eisenhower stated tha t the inclusion would â€Å"strengthen those spiritual weapons which forever will be our countrys most powerful resource in peace and war (Marshall 1).† He used the inclusion as defence against communism, giving the modern Americans something cozy to cling to within the Pledge. It was from that point that active atheists and agnostics spoke against the inclusion stating that it made non-religions or religions of multiple gods second-hand citizens. In a time where having beliefs other than Christian could get one accused of being communist, it was difficult to get a strong hold in the courtroom (1). The few cases were overlooked and time passed on the subject until the trivial history was forgotten (1). In modern times most Americans are not aware of this part of the Pledge’s history. As cases have grown, many say that they are invalid due to the historical value of the phrase. Many wonder, if the history was better known, would viewpoints on the subject differ? Desp ite the unknown answer to that,the statistics of what modern Americans think on the subject are at hand. There is no question that the numbers say majority rule rules over minority rights. Lifeway Research conducted a telephone survey of over 1,000 American citizens residing in Nashville, Tennessee, asking if â€Å"under God†

Analysis Of The Play Death Of A Salesman By Arthur Miller

Selling More Than Just Merchandise The play, Death of a Salesman, by Arthur Miller explores topics that are parallel to the lives of the common man. This makes his play relevant during many different eras, as the central issues discussed correlate with struggles of everyday common people, no matter at what point in history the play is shown. This makes his play very versatile in nature as it can be shown throughout the decades. His play can be considered a classic story; one that cannot be forgotten over the decades as it continues to be a popular play. Miller’s play connects with over half of Americans who fit into the middle to low class. His play is very diverse in that way as many people can identify with the core issues discussed in his play. The play follows the Lomans, a lower-middle class family, who are struggling throughout the end of the 1940s. There are vital relationships within the story, as the audience notices the main character, Willy, longs to live vicariously through his eldest son in particu lar, Biff. The protagonist, Willy supports his family by being a travelling salesman. In any era, this is a very difficult way to make a living. This struggle is felt throughout the play through the tension between Willy and his wife, Linda, as they are often arguing. Even from the start of the play when Willy is seen coming home after a long and somewhat unsuccessful trip, he begins to discuss issues about getting home, and how he had car trouble. It appears thatShow MoreRelatedWilly Loman, the Modern Hero in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman1739 Words   |  7 Pages In Arthur Miller’s essay â€Å"Tragedy and the Common Man†, a picture is painted of a â€Å"flaw-full† man, known as the modern hero of tragedies. Miller describes what characteristics the modern tragic hero possesses and how he differs from the heroes depicted by classic Greek playwrights such as Sophocles and Aristotle. In order to understand how drastically the modern hero has evolved, one must first understand the basic characteristics that the heroes created by Sophocles and Aristotle encompass. TheRead More Death of a Salesman is a Tragedy as Defined in Millers Tragedy and the Common Man1046 Words   |  5 PagesDeath of a Salesman is a Tragedy as Defined in Millers Tragedy and the Common Man In Tragedy and the Common Man, Arthur Miller discusses his definition and criteria for tragedy as they apply to the common man. The criteria and standards proposed by Miller may be used to evaluate his timeless work, Death of A Salesman. The first major standard of tragedy set forth is:   â€Å"...if the exaltation of tragic action were truly a property of the high-bred character alone, it is inconceivable thatRead MoreDeath Of A Salesman Tragedy Essay1365 Words   |  6 PagesDeath of a Salesman is a tragic play written in 1949 by Arthur Miller. The story is about a salesman who lost his identity after having an affair with another woman and can’t seem to accept the changes in his life since the event. The story has been performed in theaters and shown on film for many years. Lee Siegel, a writer for The Nation explains the role of Death of a Salesman in the entertainment industry: Every ten years or so, Death of a Salesman is revived, and every ten years we get theRead MoreArthur Miller s Death Of A Salesman1027 Words   |  5 PagesAn Analysis of Tragic Heroism of Biff Loman in Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller This literary study will define the tragic heroism of Biff Loman in Arthur Miller’s play The Death of a Salesman. Biff is initially a victim of Willy’s continual harassment to make more money and find a better career. In this family unit, Biff must endure the unrealistic and fantasy-based elusions of his father in his fanatical pursuit of the American Dream. However, Biff soon learns of Willy’s extra-marital betrayalRead MoreComparing Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller and Fences by August Wilson 1403 Words   |  6 PagesFences written by August Wilson and Death of a Salesman written by Arthur Miller are two plays that could be considered very different in terms of their plot. The plots of both plays contain two very different cultural backgrounds which affects each protagonist differently. If the reader or audience looks past the plot into the theme and symbolisms used they can see that the plays are more similar than they are different. In spite of the dif ferent cultural backgrounds of each protagonist they bothRead MoreQuest For Literary Form : The Greeks Believed That The Tragedy1742 Words   |  7 Pagesthis belief. In the modern times, there has been a change in this view with various authors abandoning the classical form to follow more liberal forms of literacy. (Kennedy Gioia, Pp. 1203) Aristotle s Concept of Tragedy The analysis of Aristotle on tragedy formed the guideline for later poets in the Western civilization. Aristotle defined tragedy as â€Å"the simulation of actions that are stern, containing magnitudes, comprehensive in itself in a suitable and gratifying languageRead MoreFailure Of The American Dream In The Writings Of F. Scott Fitzgerald, Zora Neale Hurston, And August Wilson1418 Words   |  6 Pages†American Dream† in the writings of F. Scott Fitzgerald, Arthur Miller, Zora Neale Hurston, and August Wilson. Fitzgerald’s account of the Jay Gatsby s rise to fame in the 1920s defines the failure of financial success as part of the American Dream. Gatsby will eventually die due to his excessive greed, which is not unlike the emotional death of Willy Loman as he fails to become a successful salesman in Author Miller’s Death of a Salesman. More so, Hurston’s depiction of Nanny’s own failures inRead MoreAnalysis Of Arthur Mil ler s The Crucible 1052 Words   |  5 PagesArthur Miller was one of the leading American playwrights in the 20th century. Arthur Miller was born on October 17, 1915 in Harlem New York City to Isidore and Augusta Miller (GradeSaver). After graduating from high school, Miller worked a variety of odd jobs including hosting a radio program; this was before the University of Michigan accepted him. At school, he studied journalism, became the night editor of the Michigan Daily, and began experimenting with theater and writing plays. 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Participation In Finnish Child Care Centers-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Participation In Finnish Child Care Centers? Answer: Introducation It is recommended that the Toddlers Warehouse should ensure that paediatricians and child counsellors are also recruited to ensure that the care of the children could be taken efficiently. Moreover, child counsellors are essential in order to ensure that the counsellor could counsel any issue faced by the children successfully. The Toddlers Warehouse, might consider expanding in the Asian countries as well. Since the cultures of the Asian countries are changing rapidly, and most of the parents of the children are working nowadays, hence the Asian marketing is a good scope of expansion for the Toddlers Warehouse. The changing culture increases the demand for such day care centres for the children (Lamb 2014). Thus, in order to cater to the needs of the Asian cultures, the expansion strategies could be considered. Another recommendation that could be made includes that the best quality food are served to the children according to the diet prescribed by paediatricians and dieticians (Ve nninen et al. 2014). This will attract more customers and parents to keep their children in the Toddlers Warehouse, as they would be assured of the health and safety of their children. This assurance will increase the customers, thus enhancing the business of the company (Lamb 2014). It is also recommended that the positioning of the Toddlers Warehouse be made near the office areas, such that the office going parents could drop and pick up the children while going to the office or coming back. These recommendations, if implemented in the company will ensure the enhancement in the business of Toddlers Warehouse. Conclusion This assignment highlights the marketing strategy and marketing management of a full service childcare/ development facility that cares for toddlers of the age three to five, named Toddlers Warehouse. The mission and vision of the company has been described in details along with highlighting the various services that are provided to the customers. The unique selling propositions of the company include treating the children with care, along with ensuring that they are engaged in positive extra-curriculum activities. The company also ensures that they children learn the basic numbers and alphabets, while in the day care centre. The market segmentation of the company is done based on demographics, full time working parents, as well as two-income working professionals. The target market has been identified appropriately, such that the company is able to reach their target management successfully. The positioning of the Toddlers Warehouse is good, and ensures high business of the company (Venninen et al. 2014). The competitive advantages of the Toddlers Warehouse include specialised training, innovative learning programs and facility tours. Thus, the company is able to gain advantage over the other similar childcare centres, thus ensuring effective business. Few recommendations have been suggested, that could be implemented in the Toddlers Warehouse, such that the enhancement in the business along with attracting more customers will be seen. Since childcare centres have a key role to play, in shaping the future of the children, hence it is important that the Toddlers Warehouse focus on the overall developing of the children, along with enhancement in their business.; References Lamb, M.E., 2014.Child care in context: Cross-cultural perspectives. Psychology Press. Venninen, T., Leinonen, J., Lipponen, L. and Ojala, M., 2014. Supporting childrens participation in financial child care centers.Early Childhood Education Journal,42(3), pp.211-218.

Cry the Beloved Country free essay sample

Cry the Beloved Country When the earth’s humans were endowed with that spark of life, that intelligence that enabled them to plan ahead for the future generations of all of the creatures inhabiting the earth, and indeed even the very earth itself, only a few took up the challenge—they have since the â€Å"beginning† been the â€Å"People of the Earth†. Cry the Beloved Country is the story of some of those people who found themselves born to Africa. Alan Paton became their spokesperson the minute he wrote these words: Cry the beloved country, for the unborn child who is the inheritor of our fear. Let him not love the earth too deeply. Let him not laugh too gladly when the water runs through his fingers, not stand too silent when the setting sun makes red the veld with fire. Let him not be too moved when the birds of his land are singing, nor give too much of his heart to a mountain or a valley. For fear will rob him of all if he gives too much. Cry the Beloved Country , page 8 This book touched me deeply for two reasons: Paton’s mastery of the beauty of the written word and because my grandmother was a â€Å"Person of the Earth†. She was born on a different continent to a different piece of earth, but no less a part of the earth. She often quoted her own grandmother who first settled the little farm my grandparents bought when my grandfather came home from WWII, â€Å"This 62 acres is too much to starve on and not enough to make a living. † Yet five generations have persisted, careful stewards of this little piece of earth—our little piece of earth—and its many inhabitants: the little brown earthworms in the soil, the ancient pear tree, the owl nesting in the pine tree†¦. They say that my grandmother was afraid to die, but I knew her to be incredibly emotionally and physically brave. Now I think I know the origin of her fear. She loved the earth too deeply to leave it to the stewardship of others. She said to me as I was pushing her wheelchair on a particularly lovely spring afternoon outside the Alzheimer’s unit to which she had been forcibly assigned, â€Å"I am too sad I will never be a farmer again. † She simply did not want to leave her earth. Paton’s story takes place in South Africa in the 1940s against a backdrop of racial tension stemming from economic and political inequality that has a history dating back to the mid-1600s when the first Dutch settlers arrived in South Africa. Before this time southern Africa was populated only by various African tribal groups. The story of South Africa’s colonization is not so different from the colonization of the Americas. At first the Dutch only wanted to set up bases for trade, not to colonize the country, and they met with little resistance from the original inhabitants. But as more and more Dutch people were born â€Å"to the African earth†, they renamed themselves the Boers, developed the Afrikaans language, and by the mid-1700s were settling deeper and deeper into the native Africans’ country taking over their land. Just like the Native Americans, the African tribes were forced off of their traditional lands, decimated by disease and starvation, and defeated in battle by the much better armed Boers. Arriving in 1795, the British aimed to make South Africa a full-fledged colony. For the next hundred years there followed a series of bloody battles involving the British and the Boers and the Zulus, the Zulus led by the famous warrior-leader Shaka. The next two hundred years were not kind to â€Å"The People of the Earth† on either continent. In the end the British were victorious in South Africa and in 1910 they established the Union of South Africa. Just as in Ireland, India, and throughout the British Empire, colonial rule was brutal and oppressive. In 1913 the Native Lands Act limited the amount of land that black South Africans were permitted to own. As Arthur Jarvis stated in the novel, â€Å"†¦just one-tenth of the land was set aside for four-fifths of the country’s people. † Cry the Beloved Country, page 179. Years of drought, overcrowding on the land, poor farming practices, and the practice of turning a blind eye to their black neighbors’ plight—indeed the failure to even recognize them as fellow humans—forced many black South Africans to migrate to Johannesburg to work in the mines and to find whatever work they could find just to eat. It is into this maelstrom of racial and social upheaval immediately before the 1948 implementation of apartheid when one of the novel’s protagonists, Stephen Kumalo, finds himself forced to travel to Johannesburg to find his son and his sister. A Zulu priest, Kumalo is a quiet, humble, gentle man who has a strong moral value and an abiding faith in God. He is sorely tested when he enters the big city of Johannesburg after living his entire life in his little village of Ndotsheni in the Natal province of eastern South Africa. Those in power, I am sure we would recognize them today, those for whom too much of everything is not enough, were welcoming the huge influx of cheap black labor to keep their gold mines going and the gold prices high. Not being â€Å"People of the Earth†, it never occurred to them to provide adequate housing or indeed any sort of services to villagers flooding into Johannesburg. Naive, hungry, confused village people easily fell prey to the big city â€Å"snake people†. Just like little mice they were taken by the vipers who had been patiently waiting. The â€Å"snake people† always know just which paths their victims will be taking. Sustenance for the body and the soul drives the newcomers to liquor, drugs, sex and finally crime. And even though the white man did not provide other services, they did provide themselves with diligent â€Å"officers of the law†. This was the unfortunate path of Absalom Kumalo, as his father was to learn, who because of his fear and naivete, found himself a prisoner of those officers of the law. A young black priest, Msimangu, who befriended Kumalo upon his arrival in Johannesburg explained to Kumalo the horrible tragedy of Johannesburg (that is Johannesburg even today) very succinctly when he said, â€Å"It suited the white man to break the tribe†¦. But it has not suited him to build something in the place of what is broken. † Msimangu went on to say, â€Å"There are some white men who give their lives to build up what is broken. But they are not enough†¦They are afraid, that is the truth. It is fear that rules this land. Cry the Beloved Country, page 56 As human history goes, not so many years later Robert F. Kennedy would say: â€Å"Few men are willing to brave the disapproval of their fellows, the censure of their colleagues, the wrath of their society. Moral courage is a rarer commodity than bravery in battle or great intelligence. Yet it is the one essential, vital quality for those who seek to change a world that yields most painfully to change (Ken nedy). † On the eve of apartheid, debilitated by fear, South Africa’s people found themselves trapped in a vicious cycle of inequality and injustice. I have a pin that reads: If you want peace, work for justice (Paul IV). Sadly, precious little understanding that might lead to peace talks was to be found on either side, and it seemed that the cycle of inequality and injustice would go on forever. Paton could not have known in 1946 when he wrote this book that all men would not be paralyzed by fear, but that courageous men by the name of Mandela, Tutu and others would be born, â€Å"People of the Land†, guardians of their earth, to courageously continue the fight for their beloved country. One cannot examine a peoples’ struggles without examining their belief system, what the white men call religion. The two overriding themes of Cry the Beloved Country are the vicious cycle of inequality and injustice and the role Christianity plays in this injustice. Throughout history Christianity has been a source of comfort for the oppressed, as well as tool for resisting oppressive authority. Anglican Bishop Desmond Tutu has played a major role on the worldwide stage in gaining social justice for South Africa’s people. He first gained worldwide attention in 1976 during the Soweto Riots against the government’s use of Afrikaans as â€Å"a compulsory medium of instruction in black school (Miller). † The Soweto protest movement became a massive uprising against apartheid. Many African people have always believed that religion is the only common meeting ground that can prevent a racial explosion of South Africa’s racial tensions. Religion has a dark side. As Arthur Jarvis observed, â€Å"The truth is that our Christian civilization is riddled through and through with dilemma. Cry the Beloved Country, page 187. The history of Christianity is riddled with corruption and instances of blatant social injustice. John Kumalo points out to his brother in Cry the Beloved Country that black priests are paid less than white priests. Paton writes how each day Stephen Kumalo and the other priests staying at the mission house in Johannesburg sit down to ample meals in a nice, clean, well-furnis hed home when just outside their door their people are living in squalor, forced to steal and prostitute themselves for a bite of food and a bit of shelter. Just outside their door their people are desperately trying to numb their consciences and hold back their fear with liquor, drugs, and sex. Through his character, Arthur Jarvis, Alan Paton reveals a universal truth about all â€Å"religion† no less true today than it was in 1946 when he penned the words: We believe in the brotherhood of man, but we do not want it in South Africa. We believe that God endows men with diverse gifts, and that human life depends for its fullness on their employment and enjoyment, but we are afraid to explore his belief too deeply. We believe in help for the underdog, but we want him to stay under. And we are therefore compelled, in order to preserve our belief that we are Christian, to ascribe to Almighty God, Creator of Heaven and Earth, our own human intentions, and to say that because He created black and white, He gives the Divine Approval to any human action that is designed to keep black men from advancement. Cry the Beloved Country, page 187 I have always believed that all people are born with a â€Å"God† center—an instinct telling us what is good and what is right. Cry the Beloved Country has made such an impact since it was written because those reading it instinctively recognize that Paton’s words are true and rightwords written for all of earth’s inhabitants no matter their â€Å"religion†. We can deny the truth of Arthur Jarvis’s words, but we cannot ignore them. They tell us the universal truth of human existence on this earth. To quote Shakespeare, The Merchant of Venice, Act 2, scene 2 â€Å"Truth will out. † The truth is that our civilization is not Christian (or Muslim or Hindu†¦); it is a tragic compound of great ideal and fearful practice, of high assurance and desperate anxiety, of loving charity and fearful clutching of possessions. Cry the Beloved Country, page 188 Bibliography Callan, Edward. Cry, the Beloved Country: A Novel of South Africa : [a Study]. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1991. Giliomee Et. all. The Dutch Settlement. The Dutch Settlement. Accessed March 13, 2013. http://www. sahistory. org. za/print/cape-town/dutch-settlement. Lampure, Kelly. History of Johannesburg. Wikipedia. July 03, 2013. Accessed March 13, 2013. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/History_of_Johannesburg. Miller, Lindsay. DesmondTutu. Wikipedia. November 03, 2013. Accessed March 12, 2013. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/DesmondTutu. Shakespear, William. Shakespeare Quotes. Enotes. com. 2013. Accessed March 13, 2013. http://www. enotes. com/shakespeare-quotes. Shillington, Kevin. Timeline of Land Dispossession and Segregation in South Africa 1800-1899 | South African History Online. Timeline of Land Dispossession and Segregation in South Africa 1800-1899 | South African History Online. Accessed March 13, 2013. http://www. sahistory. org. za/topic/timeline-land-dispossession-and-segregation-south-africa-1800-1899.